Reference List
Laws and regulations
Climate Change Act. Act of 16 June 2017 no. 60 on climate targets.
Equality and Anti-Discrimination Act: Act of 16 June 2017 no. 51 relating to equality and a prohibition against discrimination.
NIM Act: Act of 22 May 2015 no. 33 relating to the Norwegian National Human Rights Institution.
Nature Diversity Act: Act of 19 June 2009 no. 100 relating to the management of biological, geological and landscape diversity.
Dispute Act: Act of 17 June 2005 no. 90 relating to mediation and procedure in civil disputes.
Environmental Information Act: Act of 9 May 2003 no. 31 relating to the right to environmental information and participation in decision-making processes relating to the environment.
Svalbard Environmental Protection Act: Act of 15 June 2001 no. 79 relating to the protection of the environment in Svalbard.
Human Rights Act: Act of 21 May 1999 no. 30 relating to the strengthening of the status of human rights in Norwegian law.
Petroleum Act: Act of 29 November 1996 no. 72 relating to petroleum activities.
Product Liability Act: Act of 23 December 1988 no. 104 relating to product liability.
Pollution Control Act: Law of 13 March 1981 no. 6 relating to protection against pollution and concerning waste.
Act of 9 April 1976 no. 21 on implementation in Norwegian law of the Environmental Protection Convention between Norway, Denmark, Finland and Sweden.
The Indemnity Act: Act of 13 June 1969 no. 26 relating to compensation in certain circumstances.
Parliamentary Ombudsman Act: Act of 22 June 1962 no. 8 relating to the Parliamentary Ombudsman for Public Administration.
Act of 27 February 1930 no. 3 relating to the Bouvet Island, Peter I’s Island and Queen Maud Land etc.
Constitution: The Constitution of the Kingdom of Norway of 17 May 1814.
Regulations relating to impact assessment (FOR-2017-06-21-854).
Regulations relating to restrictions on the manufacture, import, export, sale and use of chemicals and other products hazardous to health and the environment (FOR-2004-06-01-922).
Regulations relating to the Appeals Board for Environmental Information (FOR-2003-12-14-1572).
Regulations relating to the Act relating to Petroleum Activities (FOR-1997-06-27-653).
Regulations relating to environmental health care in kindergartens and schools etc. (FOR-1995-12-01-928).
Preparatory work for laws, public investigations and parliamentary documents
NOU 2019: 13 Når krisen inntreffer
NOU 2019: 5 Ny forvaltningslov
NOU 2018: 17 Klimarisiko og norsk økonomi.
NOU 2004: 28 Lov om bevaring av natur, landskap og biologisk mangfold (Naturmangfoldloven).
NOU 2001: 32 A Rett på sak.
NOU 2001: 2 Retten til miljøopplysninger.
Ot.prp. no. 51 (2004-2005).
Ot.prp. no. 116 (2001–2002).
Rec. 258 S (2019-2020).
Rec. 287 S (2018-2019).
Rec. 329 L (2016-2017).
Rec. 263 S (2014-2015).
Rec. 187 S (2013-2014).
Rec. 390 S (2011-2012).
Rec. 145 S (2003-2008).
Rec. 163 S (1991-1992).
Document no. 6 (2019-2020).
Document no. 12:31 (2011-2012).
Document no. 16 (2011-2012).
Parliamentary deliberations 1992 no. 253.
Document no. 12 (1987-1988).
Supreme Court decisions
HR-2020-2472-P.
HR-2020-972-U.
HR-2019-2301-A.
HR-2019-1206-A.
HR-2018-2096-A.
HR-2018-1906-A.
HR-2018-1783-A.
HR-2018-1258-A.
HR-2017-2428-A.
Hr-2017-2247-A.
HR-2017-333-A.
HR-2016-2554-P.
HR-2016-389-A.
HR-2016-304-S.
Rt. 2015 p. 93.
Rt. 2014 p. 1445.
Rt. 2014 p. 1292.
Rt. 2013 p. 1464.
Rt. 2013 p. 1345.
Rt. 2011 p. 347.
Rt. 2010 p. 1445.
Rt. 2010 p. 535.
Rt. 2009 p. 1388.
Rt. 2008 p. 1764.
HR-2005-833.
Rt. 2003 p. 833.
Rt. 1996 p. 1415.
Rt. 1992 p. 1618.
Rt. 1992 p. 64.
Rt. 1991 p. 1137.
Rt. 1991 p. 385.
Rt. 1989 p. 1004.
Rt. 1987 p. 538.
Rt. 1980 p. 569.
Rt. 1976 p. 1.
Rt. 1952 p. 554.
Rt. 1914 p. 419.
Decisions from Norwegian sub-authorities
LB-2020-16265.
LB-2018-128035.
LB-2018-60499.
LB-2006-23415/RG-2006-1197.
TOSLO-2019-107742.
TOSLO-2016-1666674.
20-042262TVI-JARE
Statements from other Norwegian government agencies
SOMB-1999-2 (case 1998-1399).
Ministry of Justice and Public Security – Legislation Department, “Vedrørende Prop. 35 L (2014–2015) Endringer i lov om utmark og vassdrag mv.”, 14 April 2015 (JDLOV-2015-2968).
Decisions from other national courts
Friends of the Irish Environment v. The Government of Ireland & Ors, [2020] IESC 49. Judgement delivered 31 July 2020. Available on: https://www.courts.ie/view/judgments/681b8633-3f57-41b5-9362-8cbc8e7d9215/981c098a-462b-4a9a-9941-5d601903c9af/2020_IESC_49.pdf/pdf
Friends of the Irish Environment CLG v. The Government of Ireland & Ors, [2019] IEHC 747. Judgement delivered 19 September 2019. Available on https://www.courts.ie/view/judgments/20562a43-5bed-4524-9b60-e18ef35aae44/7454e3ee-eeca-40be-9c79-6c2e23d165e8/2019_IEHC_747.pdf/pdf.
Verein KlimaSeniorinnen Schweiz v. Switzerland, Bundesgericht (BGer), Urteil vom. 5 Mai 2020 (1C_37/2019). Judgement delivered 5 July 2020. Available on: www.klimaseniorinnen.ch/english/.
Friends of the Earth Ltd v Heathrow Airport Ltd [2020] UKSC52. Judgement delivered 16 December 2020. Available on: https://planb.earth/plan-b-v-heathrow-expansion/.
Plan B v. United Kingdom, EXCA Civ 214. Judgement delivered 27 February 2020. Available on: https://planb.earth/plan-b-v-heathrow-expansion/.
Plan B v. United Kingdom, CO/16/2018. Judgement delivered 20 July 2018. Available on: https://planb.earth/plan-b-v-uk/.
Notre Affaire à Tous v. France, Tribunal Administratif de Paris: décision no. 1904967, 1904968, 1904972, 1904976/4-1. Decision delivered 3 February 2021. Available on: http://blogs2.law.columbia.edu/climate-change-litigation/wp-content/uploads/sites/16/non-us-case-documents/2021/20210203_NA_decision.pdf
Cour Administrative d’Appel de Bordeaux: décision no. 20BX02193, 20BX02195. Judgement delivered 18 December 2020. Available on: https://www.dalloz.fr/documentation/Document?id=CAA_BORDEAUX_2020-12-18_20BX02193_dup#texte-integral.
Commune de Grande Synthe, Conseil d’Etat: décision no. 427301. Decision delivered 19 November 2020. Available on: http://blogs2.law.columbia.edu/climate-change-litigation/wp-content/uploads/sites/16/non-us-case-documents/2020/20201119_Not-Yet-Available_decision-1.pdf
Union des industries de la protection des plantes v. France, Conceil Constitutionnel: décision no. 2019-823 QPC. Decision delivered 21 July 2020. Available on: https://www.conseil-constitutionnel.fr/en/decision/2020/2019823QPC.htm.
Urgenda v. Netherlands, ECLI:NL:HR:2019:2007. Judgement delivered 20 December 2019. Available on: https://uitspraken.rechtspraak.nl/inziendocument?id=ECLI:NL:HR:2019:2007
ClientEarth v. Poland. Judgement delivered 19 July 2019. Information available on: https://www.clientearth.org/europes-largest-new-coal-power-plant-stopped/.
VGH Baden-Württemberg, A 11 S 2042/20. Judgement delivered 17 December 2020. Available on: https://openjur.de/u/2317963.html.
Family Farmers and Greenpeace v. Germany, VG 10 K 412.18. Judgement delivered 31 October 2019. Available on: http://blogs2.law.columbia.edu/climate-change-litigation/wp-content/uploads/sites/16/non-us-case-documents/2019/20191031_0027117R-SP_judgment.pdf.
International conventions and declarations
The Paris Agreement of 12 December 2015.
The Principles on the Allocation of Loss in the Case of Transboundary Harm Arising Out of Hazardous Activities, 2006.
The Articles on State Responsibility (ARS), adopted by the United Nations International Law Commission in 2001.
The Convention on Access to Information, Public Participation in Decision-Making and Access to Justice in Environmental Matters (Aarhus Convention) of 25 June 1998.
The Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (Kyoto Protocol) of 11 December 1997.
The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) of 9 May 1992.
The Convention on Environmental Impact Assessment in a Transboundary Context (Espoo Convention) of 25 February 1991.
The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child of 20 November 1989. The Nordic Environmental Protection Convention of 19 February 1974, between Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden.
The Declaration of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment (Stockholm Declaration) of 16 June 1972.
The Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties of 23 May 1969.
The International Convention on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) of 16 December 1966.
The International Convention on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) of 16 December 1966.
The Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees (Refugee Convention) of 28 June 1951.
The Council of Europe’s Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (European Convention on Human Rights/ECHR) of 4 November 1950.
The Statute of the International Court of Justice (ICJ Statute) of 26 June 1945. Directive 2011/42/EC on the assessment of the environmental effects of plans and programmes, most recently amended by Directive 2014/52/EU.
Directive 85/337/EEC on the assessment of the effects of certain public and private projects on the environment, revised by Directives 2011/92/EU and 2011/42/EC, most recently by Directive 2014/52/EU.
Directive 2001/42/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 June 2001 on the assessment of the effects of certain plans and programmes on the environment.
Decisions of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR)
Association Burestop 55 et al. v. France (56176/18, 56189/18, 56232/18, 56236/18, 56241/18, 56247/18), communicated 18 November 2019.
M. Ôzel et al. v. Turkey (14350/05), 31 March 2020.
Vecbastika et al. v. Latvia (52499/11), 19 November 2019.
T.K. and S.R. v. Russia (28492/15), 19 November 2019.
Ulemek v. Croatia (21613/16), 31 October 2019.
Cordella et al. v. Italy (54414/13 and 54264/15), 24 January 2019.
S. V. and A v. Denmark (35553/12, 36678/12 and 36711/12), 22 October 2018.
Big Brother Watch et al. v. United Kingdom (58170/13, 62322/14 and 24960/15), 13 September 2018. Referred for hearing by the Grand Chamber 13 September 2018.
Centrum för rättvisa v. Sverige (35253/08), 19 June 2018. Referred for hearing by the Grand Chamber 4 September 2019.
Bursa Barosu Baskanligi et al. v. Tyrkia (25680/05), 19 June 2018.
Merabishvili v. Georgia (72508/13), 28 November 2017.
Tagayeva et al. v. Russia (26562/07), 13 April 2017.
Magyar Helsinki Bizottság v. Hungary (18030/11), 8 November 2016.
British Gurkha Welfare Society et al. v. United Kingdom (44818/11), 15 September 2016.
Cindrić and Bešlić v. Croatia (72152/13), 6 September 2016.
Costel Popa v. Romania (47558/10), 26 April 2016.
Roman Zakharov v. Russia (47143/06), 4 December 2015.
Ercan Bozkurt v. Turkey (20620/10), 23 June 2015.
Identoba v. Georgia (73235/12), 12 May 2015.
Tarakhel v. Switzerland (29217/12), 4 November 2014.
Bljakaj et al. v. Croatia (74448/12), 18 September 2014.
Brincat et al. v. Malta (60908/11, 62110/11, 62129/11, 62312/11 and 62338/11), 24 July 2014.
Centre for Legal Resources on behalf of Valentin Câmpeanu v. Romania (47848/08), 17 July 2014.
Vilnes et al. v. Norway (52806/09 and 22703/10), 5 December 2013.
Vallianatos et al. v. Greece (29381/09 and 32684/09), 7 November 2013.
Klauz v. Croatia (28963/10), 18 July 2013.
Allen et al v. United Kingdom (5591/07), 12 July 2013.
Athanassoglou et al. v. Switzerland (27644/95), 15 November 2012.
Kolyadenko et al. v. Russia (17423/05, 20534/05, 20678/05, 23263/05 and 35673/05), 28 February 2012.
Aksu v. Turkey (4149/94 and 41029/04), 15 March 2012.
Hirsi Jamaa v. Italy (27765/09), 23 February 2012.
Popov v. France (39472/07 and 39474/07), 19 January 2012.
Gorovenky and Bugara v. Ukraine (36146/05 and 42418/05), 12 January 2012.
Di Sarno v. Italy (30765/08), 10 January 2012.
Grimkovskaya v. Ukraine (38182/03), 21 July 2011.
Giuliani and Gaggio v. Italy (23458/02), 24 March 2011.
Dubetska et al. v. Ukraine (30499/03), 10 February 2011.
M.S.S. v. Belgium and Greece (30696/09), 21 January 2011.
Ivan Atanasov v. Bulgaria (12853/03), 2 December 2010.
N. v. Sweden (23505/09), 20 July 2010.
Budina v. Russia (45603/05), 18 June 2009.
Greenpeace E.V. et al. v. Germany (18215/06), 12 May 2009.
L’Érablière A.S.B.L. v. Belgium (49230/07), 24 February 2009.
Allen et al. v. United Kingdom (3455/05), 19 July 2009.
Tătar v. Romania (67021/01), 27 January 2009.
Demir and Baykara v. Turkey (34503/97), 12 November 2008.
Budayeva et al. v. Russia (15339/02, 21166/02, 20058/02, 11673/02 and 15343/03), 20 March 2008.
Fägerskiöld v. Sweden (37664/04), 26 February 2008.
Fabris v. France (16574/08), 7 February 2008.
Saadi v. United Kingdom (13229/03), 29 January 2008.
Monnat v. Switzerland (73604/01), 21 September 2006.
Bosphorus et al. v. Ireland (45036/98), 30 June 2005.
Jugheli v. Georgia (38342/05), 21 April 2005.
Öneryıldız v. Turkey (48939/99), 30 November 2004.
Taşkın et al. v. Turkey (46117/99), 10 November 2004.
Gorraiz Lizarraga et al. v. Spain (62543/00), 27 April 2004.
Hatton v. United Kingdom (36022/97), 8 July 2003.
Kyrtatos v. Greece (41666/98), 22 May 2003.
Mastromatteo v. Italy (37703/97), 24 October 2002.
Bankovic, et al. v. Belgium et al. (52207/99), 12 December 2001.
Osman v. United Kingdom (87/1997/871/1083), 28 October 1998.
McGinley and Egan v. United Kingdom (10/1997/794/995-996), 9 June 1998.
Guerra v. Italy (116/1996/735/932), 19 February 1998.
Balmer-Schafroth et al. v. Switzerland (22110/93), 26 August 1997.
Goodwin v. United Kingdom (17488/90), 27 March 1996.
McCann et al v. United Kingdom (18985/91), 27 September 1995.
Agrotexim et al. v. Greece (15/1994/462/543), 24 October 1995.
Loizidou v. Tyrkia (15318/89), 23 March 1995.
Soering v. United Kingdom (14038/88), 7 July 1989.
Klass et al. v. Germany (5029/71), 6 September 1978.
Ireland v. United Kingdom (5310/71), 18 January 1978.
Statements and reports from European human rights bodies
Linos-Alexandre Sicilianos, speech delivered on 28 February 2020 at the high-level conference “Environmental protection and Human Rights”. Available on www.echr.coe.int.
Dunia Mijatović, speech delivered on 27 February 2020 at the high-level conference “Environmental protection and human rights”. Available on www.coe.int.
Linos-Alexandre Sicilianos, speech delivered on 31 January 2020 at the annual opening of the European Court of Human Rights. Available on www.echr.coe.int.
Statements, reports and decisions from UN agencies
UN General Assembly
Resolution 73/195 on Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration (2018), A/RES/73/195.
Un High Commissioner for Human Rights
Michelle Bachelet, opening remarks delivered on 9 September 2019 during the 42nd session of the UN Human Rights Council. Available on www.ohchr.org.
Un Special Rapporteurs
Report of the Special Rapporteur on adequate housing as a component of the right to an adequate standard of living, and on the right to non-discrimination in this context, Raquel Rolnik (2009), A/64/255.
Report of the Independent Expert on the issue of human rights obligations relating to the enjoyment of a safe, clean, healthy and sustainable environment, John H. Knox (2013), A/HRC/25/53.
Report of the Special Rapporteur on the issue of human rights obligations relating to the enjoyment of a safe, clean, healthy and sustainable environment, John H. Knox (2016), A/HRC/31/52.
Report of the Special Rapporteur on the issue of human rights obligations relating to the enjoyment of a safe, clean, healthy and sustainable environment, John H. Knox (2018), A/HRC/37/58.
Framework Principles on Human Rights and the Environment – the main human rights obligations relating to the enjoyment of a safe, clean, healthy and sustainable environment, John H. Knox (2018).
Report of the Special Rapporteur on the issue of human rights obligations relating to the enjoyment of safe, clean healthy and sustainable environment – Visit to Fiji, David R. Boyd (2020), A/HRC/43/53/Add.1.
Report of the Special Rapporteur on the issue of human rights obligations relating to the enjoyment of a safe, clean, healthy and sustainable environment – Visit to Norway, David R. Boyd (2020), A/HRC/43/53/Add.2.
UN Human Rights Council
Resolution 41/21 on human rights and climate change (2019), A/HRC/RES/41/21.
Resolution 37/8 on human rights and the environment (2018), A/HRC/RES/37/8.
Resolution 7/23 on human rights and climate change (2008), A/HRC/RES/7/23.
UN Human Rights Committee
General Comment no. 36 on article 6 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, on the right to life (2018), CCPR/C/GC/36.
Portillo Cáceres v. Paraguay (2016), CCPR/C/126/D/2751/2016.
Teitiota v. New Zealand, (2019), CCPR/C/127/D/2728/2016.
UN Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women
Concluding observations on the ninth periodic report of Norway (2017), CEDAW/C/NOR/CO/9.
General Recommendation no. 37 on Gender-related dimensions of disaster risk reduction in the context of climate change (2018) CEDAW/C/GC/37.
UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
General Comment no. 14 on the right to the highest attainable standard of health (article 12 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights) (2000), E/C.12/2000/4.
Concluding observations on the sixth periodic report of Norway (2020), E/C.12/NOR/CO/6.
UN Committee on the Rights of the Child
General Comment no. 15 on the right of the child to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health (art. 24) (2013), CRC/C/GC/15.
Concluding observations on the combined fifth and sixth periodic reports of Norway (2018), CRC/C/NOR/CO/5–6.
Joint statements
Joint statement on human rights and climate change by Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women, Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, Committee on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of their Families, Committee on the Rights of the Child, Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (2019).
Aarhus Convention Compliance Committee
ACCC/C/2008/27 United Kingdom (24 September 2010).
ACCC/C/2008/33 United Kingdom (24 September 2010).
ACCC/C/2012/77 United Kingdom (2 July 2014).
ACCC/C/2014/111 Belgium (18 June 2017).
International Court of Justice (ICJ)
Corfu Channel (United Kingdom v. Albania), decision 9 April 1949.
Pulp Mills on the River Uruguay (Argentina v. Uruguay), decision 20 April 2010.
Books
Aall, Jørgen, Rettsstat og menneskerettigheter, Bergen: Fagbokforlaget, 5th ed., 2018.
Alexy, Robert, A theory of Constitutional Rights, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010.
Andenæs, Johs., Alminnelig Strafferett, Oslo: Universitetsforlaget, 6th ed., 2016.
Andenæs, Johs. and Fliflet, Arne, Statsforfatningen i Norge, Oslo: Universitetsforlaget, 10th ed., 2018.
Atapattu, Sumudu, Human Rights Approaches to Climate Change. Challenges and Opportunities, London/New York: Routledge, 2016.
Aulie, Cathrine, Norsk lovkommentar til naturmangfoldloven, Rettsdata (2017).
Backer, Inge Lorange, Norsk sivilprosess, Oslo: Universitetsforlaget, 2015.
Boe, Erik, Innføring i juss. Volume 2: Statsrett og forvaltningsrett, Oslo: Universitetsforlaget, 1993.
Boyd, David R., The Environmental Rights Revolution: A Global Study of Constitutions, Human Rights, and the Environment, Vancouver: UBC Press, 2012.
Bugge, Hans Chr., Lærebok i miljøforvaltningsrett, Oslo: Universitetsforlaget, 5th ed., 2019.
Bugge, Hans Chr. Norsk lovkommentar forurensningsloven, Rettsdata (2018).
Christoffersen, Jonas and Madsen, Michael R. (eds.), Menneskerettighedsdomstolen – 50 års samspil med dansk ret og politik, København: Karnov Group, 2019.
Dupuy, Pierre-Marie and Viñuales, Jorge E., International Environmental Law, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2nd ed., 2018.
Dworkin, Ronald, Taking Rights Seriously, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1977.
Eckhoff, Torstein and Smith, Eivind, Forvaltningsrett, Oslo: Universitetsforlaget, 11th ed., 2018.
Eng, Svein, Rettsfilosofi, Oslo: Universitetsforlaget, 2007.
Fleischer, Carl August, Miljø og ressursforvaltning: grunnleggende forutsetninger, Oslo: Universitetsforlaget, 1999.
Graver, Hans Petter, Alminnelig forvaltningsrett, Oslo: Universitetsforlaget, 5th ed., 2019.
Harris, David; O’Boyle, Michael; Bates, Ed and Buckley, Carla, Law of the European convention on human rights, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 4th ed., 2018.
Humphreys, Stephen (ed.), Human rights and climate change, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.
Kjølbro, Jon Fridrik, Den europæiske menneskerettighedskonvention – for praktikere, København: Jurist- og Økonomforbundets forlag, 5th ed., 2020.
Kierulf, Anine and Kjølstad, Marius Mikkel, Norsk Lovkommentar til Grunnloven § 112, Rettsdata (2020).
Knoph, Ragnar, Rettslige standarder: særlig Grunnlovens § 97, Oslo: Grøndahl & Søn, 1939.
Legg, Andrew, The Margin of Appreciation in International Human Rights Law: Deference and Proportionality, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012.
Leib, Linda Hajjar, Human Rights and the Environment. Philosophical, Theoretical and Legal Perspectives, Leiden/Boston: Brill, 2011.
McAdam, Jane, Climate Change, Forced Migration, and International Law, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012.
Nygaard, Nils, Rettsgrunnlag og standpunkt, Oslo: Universitetsforlaget, 2nd ed., 2004.
Parfit, Derek, Reasons and Persons, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986.
Schei, Tore; Bårdsen, Arnfinn; Nordén, Dag Bugge; Reusch, Christian H.P. and Øie, Toril M., Tvisteloven – kommentarutgave, Volume II, Oslo: Universitetsforlaget, 2nd ed., 2013.
Shaw, Malcolm N., International Law, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 8th ed. 2017.
Shue, Henry, Basic Rights. Subsistence, Affluence, and U.S. Foreign Policy, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2nd ed., 1996.
Smith, Eivind, Konstitusjonelt Demokrati, Bergen: Fagbokforlaget, 4th ed., 2017.
Wewerinke-Singh, Margaretha, State Responsibility, Climate Change and Human Rights under International Law, Oxford: Hart Publishing, 2019.
Anthology articles
Askeland, Bjarte; Cyndecka, Malgorzata Agnieszka; Holmøyvik, Eirik; Konow, Berte-Elen; Nordtveit, Ernst and Schütz, Sigrid Eskeland “Klimarettslege utfordringar for rettsvitskapen” in Giertsen, Johan; Husabø, Erling Johannes; Iversen, Øystein L. and Konow, Berte-Elen (eds.), Rett i vest. Festskrift til 50-årsjubileet for juristutdanningen ved Universitetet i Bergen (Fagbokforlaget 2019) pp. 177 – 196.
Bragdø-Ellenes, Sunniva Cristina, “Overprøving av vedtak i miljøsaker – i domstol eller klagenemnd?” in Fauchald, Ole Kristian and Smith, Eivind (eds.), Mellom jus og politikk. Grunnloven § 112 (Fagbokforlaget 2019) pp. 119–134.
Bugge, Hans Chr., “Grunnlovsbestemmelsen om miljøvern: Hvordan ble den til?” in Fauchald, Ole Kristian and Smith, Eivind (eds.), Mellom jus og politikk. Grunnloven § 112 (Fagbokforlaget 2019) pp. 19–40.
Burger, Michael and Wentz, Jessica, “Climate Change and human rights” in May, James R. and Daly, Erin (eds.), Human Rights and the Environment. Legality, Indivisibility, Dignity and Geography (Edward Elgar Publishing 2019).
Caney, Simon, “Human Rights, Responsibilites and Climate Change” in Beitz, Charles R. and Goodin, Robert E. (eds.), Global Basic Rights (Oxford University Press 2007) pp. 227-247.
Falkanger, Aage Thor and Bartel, Ingvild Lovise “Menneskerettighetenes betydning for Sivilombudsmannens arbeid” in Føllesdal, Andreas; Ruud, Morten and Ulfstein, Geir (eds.), Menneskerettighetene og Norge. Rettsutvikling, rettsliggjøring og demokrati (2017) pp. 112–134, at p. 124.
Fauchald, Ole Kristian, “Har § 112 selvstendig betydning for vern av villaksen?” in Fauchald, Ole Kristian and Smith, Eivind (eds.), Mellom jus og politikk – Grunnloven § 112 (Fagbokforlaget 2019) pp. 227-252.
Fauchald, Ole Kristian, “Plikt til å utrede miljøkonsekvenser av lovgivning” in Syse, Aslak; Indreberg, Hilde; Tverberg, Arnulf and Bugge, Hans Chr. (eds.), Lov, liv og lære. Festskrift til Inge Lorange Backer (Universitetsforlaget 2016) pp. 187–200.
Holmøyvik, Eirik “Prøvingsrett og tilbakeverknadsforbod. Borthen-dommen i Rt. 1996 s. 1415 og rettsutviklinga” in Matningsdal, Magnus; Skoghøy, Jens Edvin A. and Øie, Toril M. (eds.), Rettsavklaring og rettsutvikling. Festskrift til Tore Schei på 70-årsdagen 19. februar 2016 (Universitetsforlaget 2016) pp. 210–242.
Hovind, Dagny Ås, “Krav til utredning av klimavirkninger: Grunnlovens § 112 annet ledd” in Fauchald, Ole Kristian and Smith, Eivind (eds.), Mellom jus og politikk. Grunnloven § 112 (Fagbokforlaget 2019) pp. 173–189.
Indreberg, Hilde, “Utfordringer for Høyesterett ved grunnlovfesting av flere menneskerettigheter” in Schei, Tore; Skoghøy, Jens Edvin A. and Øie, Toril M. (eds.), Lov, sannhet, rett – Norges Høyesterett 200 år (Universitetsforlaget 2015) pp. 393–420.
Kälin, Walter, “Conceptualising Climate-Induced Displacement” in McAdam, Jane (eds.), Climate Change and Displacement, Multidisciplinary Perspectives (Hart Publishing, 2010).
Lewis, Bridget, “Human rights and intergenerational justice” in Ismangil, Davis; von der Schaaf, Karen and van Trost, Lars (eds.), Climate Change, Justice and Human Rights (Amnesty International Netherlands 2020).
Lilleholt, Kåre, “Grunnsetningar i formueretten” in Høgberg, Alf Petter Høgberg and Sunde, Jørn Øyrehagen (eds.), Juridisk metode og tenkemåte (Universitetsforlaget 2019) pp. 334-342.
Lyster, Rosemary, “Protecting the Human Rights of Climate Displaced Persons: The Promise and Limits of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change” in Grear, Anna and Kotzé, Louis J. (eds.) Research Handbook on Human Rights and the Environment (Edward Elgar, 2015).
Nylund, Anna, “Klima, miljø og domstoler i et komparativt perspektiv” in Fauchald, Ole Kristian and Smith, Eivind (eds.), Mellom jus og politikk. Grunnloven § 112 (Fagbokforlaget 2019) pp. 101-117.
O’Boyle, Michael, “Rights: reflections on the Soering case” in O’Reilly, James (eds.), Human Rights and Constitutional Law Essays in Honour of Brian Walsh (Round Hall Press 1992)
Skjerdal, Nicolai V., “Relativisering av domstolenes grunnlovskontroll – på tide å forlate tredelingslæren?”, in Graver, Hans Petter; Kraby, Ida Hjort and Stub, Marius (eds.), Forsker og formidler. Festskrift til Erik Boe på 70-årsdagen (Universitetsforlaget 2013) pp. 275–296.
Smith, Eivind, “Miljøparagrafen – kritisk lest” in Fauchald, Ole Kristian and Smith, Eivind (eds.), Mellom jus og politikk – Grunnloven § 112 (Fagbokforlaget 2019) pp. 151–172.
Strand, Vibeke Blaker, “FNs menneskerettskonvensjoner og FN-komiteenes håndheving av dem” in Høgberg, Alf Petter and Sunde, Jørn Øyrehagen (eds.), Juridisk metode og tenkemåte (Universitetsforlaget 2019) pp. 420–451.
Thengs, Gøran Østerman, “En sann rett med modifikasjoner? Om Grunnloven § 112 første og tredje ledd” in Fauchald, Ole Kristian and Smith, Eivind (eds.), Mellom jus og politikk – Grunnloven § 112 (Fagbokforlaget 2019) pp. 137–150.
Tverberg, Arnulf, “Det graderte grunnlovsvernet ved tolking av Grunnloven og prøving av lovers grunnlovsmessighet”, in Holmøyvik, Eirik (eds.), Tolkingar av Grunnlova (Pax 2013) pp. 256–303.
Journal articles
Anker, Helle Tegner; Fauchald, Ole Kristian; Nilsson, Annika and Suvantola, Leila, “The Role of Courts in Environmental Law – a Nordic Comparative Study”, Nordisk Miljörattslig Tidsskrift (2009) pp. 9–33.
Backer, Inge Lorange, “Miljøvern og økonomisk utnyttelse – prinsippet om bærekraftig utvikling”, Det 36. nordiske Juristmøte (2002), pp. 115-141.
Backer, Inge Lorange, “Domstolene og miljøet”, Lov og Rett vol. 32 no. 8 (1993) pp. 451-468.
Backer, Inge Lorange, “Grunnlovfesting av miljørettslige prinsipper”, Institutt for offentlig retts skriftserie no. 6 (1990).
Borvik, Bjørnar, “Nasjonal skjønnsmargin etter EMK – replikk til Jens Edvin A. Skoghøy”, Lov og Rett no. 10 (2011).
Bugge, Hans Chr., “’Bærekraftig utvikling’ og andre aktuelle perspektiver i miljøretten”, Lov og Rett no. 8 (1993), pp. 485–498.
Caney, Simon, “Just Emissions,” Philosophy & Public Affairs vol. 40 no. 4 (2012) pp. 255-300.
Fauchald, Ole Kristian, “Forfatning og miljøvern – en analyse av grunnlovens § 110 b”, Tidsskrift for rettsvitenskap no. 1-2 (2007), pp. 1-83.
Fauchald, Ole Kristian, “Bør retten til miljø anerkjennes som menneskerettighet?”, Retfærd no. 53 (1991), pp. 68–70.
Fauchald, Ole Kristian, “Miljø og menneskerettigheter”, Kritisk juss (1989) pp. 3–17.
Fredriksen, Halvard Haukeland, “Betydningen av EUs pakt om grunnleggende rettigheter for EØS-retten”, Jussens venner no. 6 (2013), pp. 371-399.
Garbe, Julius; Albrecht, Torsten; Levermann, Anders, Donges, Jonathan F. and Winkelmann, Ricanda, “The hysteresis of the Antarctic ice Sheet”, Nature, vol. 585 (2020).
Hawkins, Ed; Frame, David; Harrington, Luke; Joshi, Manoj; King, Andrew; Rojas, Maisa and Sutton, Rowan, “Observed Emergence of the Climate Change Signal: From the Familiar to the Unknown,” Geophysical Research Letters vol. 47 no. 6 (2020).
Hellerslia, Thom Arne, “Uttalelser fra FN-komiteene – en strukturell analyse” Jussens Venner, no. 53 (2018), pp. 71–111.
Høgberg, Alf Petter and Høgberg, Benedikte Moltumyr, “Tolkning av Grunnloven”, Jussens Venner no. 3 (2013) pp. 193–226.
Kälin, Walter and Schrepfer, Nina “Protecting People Crossing Borders in the Context of Climate Change: Normative Gaps and Possible Approaches”, UNHCR Legal and Protection Policy Research Series (2010).
Leijten, Ingrid, «Human Rights v. Insufficient Climate Action», Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights vol. 37 no. 2 (2019), pp. 112-118.
Lindberg, Agnes Harriet, “Fremtidige generasjoner som rettighetsbærere”, Salongen nettidsskrift for filosofi og idehistorie, published 30 March 2020.
Morissey, James, “Rethinking the debate on ‘environmental refugees’: from ‘maximilists and minimalists’ to ‘proponents and critics’”, Journal of Political Ecology vol. 19 no. 1 (2012), pp. 36-49.
Nordby, Marius Gulbranson, “Er avståelser tiltak?”, Lov og Rett no. 6 (2019), pp. 379-385.
Nyhus, Håkon Christian, “Høyesterett og EMD – Samme skjønnsmargin?”, Lov og rett no. 6 (2016).
Peters, Birgit, “Unpacking the diversity of procedural environmental rights: the European Convention on Human Rights and the Aarhus Convention”, Journal of Environmental Law, vol. 30 no. 1 (2018) pp. 1–27.
Reiertsen, Michael, “EMK og kommunene”, Lov og Rett no. 7 (2015), pp. 414-431.
Samset, Bjørn Hallvard; Sand, Maria; Smith, Chris; Bauer, Susanne E.; Forster, Piers M.; Fuglestvedt, Jan S.; Osprey, Scott and Schleussner, Carl-Friedrich, “Climate Impacts From a Removal of Anthropogenic Aerosol Emissions”, Geophysical Research Letters vol. 45 no. 2 (2018).
Schei, Tore, “Har Høyesterett en politisk funksjon?”, Lov og Rett no. 6 (2011) pp. 319–335.
Scott, Matthew, “Finding Agency in Adversity: Applying the Refugee Convention in the Context of Disasters and Climate Change”, Refugee Survey Quarterly vol. 35 no. 4 (2016), pp. 26-57.
Sherwood, Steven; Webb, Mark; Annan, James D.; Armour, Kyle C.; Forster, Piers M.; Hargreaves, Julia C.; Hegerl, Gabriele; Klein, Stephen A.; Marvel, Katherine D.; Rohling, Eelco J.; Watanabe, Masahiro; Andrews, Tim; Braconnot, Pascale; Bretherton, Christopher S.; Foster, Gavin L.; Hausfather, Zeke; von der Heydt, Anna S.; Knutti, Reto; Mauritsen, Thorsten; Norris, Joel R.; Proistosescu, Cristian; Rugenstein, Maria; Schmidt, Gavin A.; Tokarska, Katarzyna B. and Zelinka, Mark D., “An assessment of Earth’s climate sensitivity using multiple lines of evidence”, Reviews of Geophysics (2020).
Solheim, Stig H., “Judicial Control with Laws in the Economic Area – Legislature’s Assessment of The Constitution of the Law”, Journal of Forensic Science no. 1 (2014) pp. 1–48.
Sørensen, Christian Børge, “Læren om statens skjønnsmargin etter EMK og betydningen for norsk domstolskontroll med forvaltningen”, Tidsskrift for Rettsvitenskap no. 01–02 (2004).
Thengs, Gøran Østerman, “En standardtilnærming til Grunnloven § 112” Tidsskrift for Rettsvitenskap no. 1 (2017).
Tokarska, Katarzyna B.; Stolpe, Martin B.; Sippel, Sebastian; Fischer, Erich M.; Smith, Christopher J.; Lehner, Flavio and Knutti, Reto, “Past warming trend constrains future warming in CMIP6 models”, Science Advances vol. 6 no. 12 (2020).
Voigt, Christina, “State Responsibility for Climate Change Damages”, Nordic Journal of International Law vol. 77 no. 1-2 (2008), pp. 1-22.
Weerasinghe, Sanjula, “In Harm’s Way – International protection in the context of nexus dynamics between conflict or violence and disaster or climate change”, UNHCR Legal and Protection Policy Research Series (2018).
Wibye, Johan Vorland, “Hohfelds rettigheter”, Tidsskrift for Rettsvitenskap no. 5 (2018) pp. 493–533.
Reports
Center for International Environmental Law (CIEL): States’ Human Rights Obligations in the Context of Climate Change – 2019 update (2019).
FNs World Commission on Environment and Development: Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development: Our Common Future (1987).
Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre: Global Report on Internal Displacement 2020 (2020).
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2019 (IPCC SRCCL 2019): Climate Change and Land. An IPCC special report on climate change, desertification, land degradation, sustainable land management, food security, and greenhouse gas fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems (2019).
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC SROCC 2019): Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate. An IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate (2019).
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2018 (IPCC SR15): Global Warming of 1.5°C. An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate (2018).
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2014 (IPCC AR5): Climate Change 2014. Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects (2014).
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2013 (IPCC AR5): Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2013).
Joana Setzer and Rebecca Byrnes (at the Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and Environment and the Centre for Climate Change Economics and Policy): Global trends in climate change litigation: 2020 snapshot (2020).
The Appeals Board for Environmental Information: Annual report 2019 (2019).
Norwegian National Human Rights Institution (NIM): Compilation of Recommendations to Norway – the UN Human Rights Monitoring Bodies 2017-2020 (2020).
The International Law commission: Yearbook of the International Law Commission – Report of the Commission to the General Assembly on the work of its fifty-third session (2001).
The Norwegian Centre for Climate Services (NCCS): Climate in Svalbard 2100 – a knowledge base for climate adaption (2018).
Websites
Council of Europe: “Chart of signatures and ratifications of Treaty 213”, https://www.coe.int/en/web/conventions/full-list/-/conventions/treaty/213/signatures?p_auth=5tABARHI. Last accessed 8 September 2020.
Norwegian Institute of Public Health: “Karbondioksid (CO2) og inneklima”, https://www.fhi.no/ml/miljo/inneklima/artikler-inneklima-og-helseplager/karbondioksid-co2-og-inneklima/. Last accessed 11 September 2020.
Global Carbon Project: “Global Carbon Budget 2019 – An annual update of the global carbon budget and trends,” https://www.globalcarbonproject.org/carbonbudget/. Last accessed 8 September 2020.
Norwegian Centre for Climate Services: https://klimaservicesenter.no/faces/desktop/index.xhtml. Last accessed 8 September 2020.
Norwegian Polar Institute: “Climate change in Antarctica,” https://www.npolar.no/tema/klimaendringer-antarktis/#toggle-id-3. Last accessed 14 September 2020.
Norwegian Polar Institute: “Climate change and effects on polar ecosystems,” https://www.npolar.no/tema/klimaendringer-effekter-polare-okosystemer/. Last accessed 14 September 2020.
Sabin Center for Climate Change: “Climate Change Litigation Databases,” http://climatecasechart.com/. Last accessed 11 September 2020.
The Language Council of Norway: “Bokmålsordboka/Nynorskordboka”, https://ordbok.uib.no/. Last accessed 11 September 2020.
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: “Intergenerational Justice,” https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/justice-intergenerational/. Last accessed 8 September 2020.
Statistics Norway: “Emissions to air”, https://www.ssb.no/en/klimagassn. Last accessed 8 September 2020.
The conversation: “The three-minute story of 800,000 years of climate change with a sting in the tail,” https://theconversation.com/the-three-minute-story-of-800-000-years-of-climate-change-with-a-sting-in-the-tail-73368. Last accessed 8 September 2020.
Norwegian Customs Service: “Historiske omregningskurser – valutakode GBP”, https://toll.no/no/verktoy/valutakurser/History?SelectedExchangeRate=GBP. Last accessed 11 September 2020.
United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE): “Communications from the public”, http://www.unece.org/environmental-policy/conventions/public-participation/aarhus-convention/tfwg/envppcc/envppcccom.html. Last accessed 11 September 2020.
United Nations Refugee Agency (UNHCR): “Climate change and disaster displacement,” https://www.unhcr.org/climate-change-and-disasters.html. Last accessed 11 September 2020.
United Nations Treaty Collection: “7. D Paris agreement”, https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVII-7-d&chapter=27&clang=_en. Last accessed 8 September 2020.
United Nations Environment Programme and Columbia University: “The Status of Climate Change Litigation: A Global Review,” https://wedocs.unep.org/handle/20.500.11822/20767. Last accessed 11 September 2020.
Urgenda – Samen Sneller Duurzaam: “Landmark decision by Dutch Supreme Court,” https://www.urgenda.nl/en/themas/climate-case/. Last accessed 11 September 2020.
Camilla Schloss, Climate migrants – How German courts take the environment into account when considering non-refoulement, Völkerrechtsblog, 03.03.2021, doi: 10.17176/20210303-153650-0
Media articles
Lustgarten, Abraham, “The Great Climate Migration,” ProPublica and The New York Times Magazine (23 July 2020). Available at: https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/07/23/magazine/climate-migration.html.
Malafosse, Camille and Zipoli, Domenico, “’Climate refugees’: an historic decision of the UN Human Rights Committee?,” Andrew & Renata Kaldor Centre for International Refugee Law (12 February 2020). Available at: https://www.kaldorcentre.unsw.edu.au/news/%E2%80%9Cclimate-refugees%E2%80%9D-historic-decision-un-human-rights-committee.
Reeh, Greta, “Climate Change in the Human Rights Committee”, EJIL:Talk! (18 February 2020). Available at: https://www.ejiltalk.org/climate-change-in-the-human-rights-committee/.
Sunde, Jørn Øyrehagen and Colombo, Esmeralda, “Look to Norway – Klimasøksmål i klimaendringane sin tidsperiode”, Energi og klima (26 September 2017). Available at: https://energiogklima.no/kommentar/look-to-norway/. The article was first published in Klassekampen on 26 September 2017.
Xu, Chi; Kohler, Timothy A.; Lenton, Timothy M.; Svenning, Jens-Christian and Scheffer, Marten, “Future of the human climate niche”, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (27 October 2019). Available at: https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/early/2020/04/28/1910114117.full.pdf.
Øystese, Kirsten Å., “Går utslippene ned eller teller vi feil?”, Energi og Klima (18 August 2020). Available at: https://energiogklima.no/kommentar/blogg/gar-utslippene-ned-eller-teller-vi-feil/.
Other sources
The European Court of Human Rights, “Guide on Article 2 of the European Convention on Human Rights”. Updated 30 April 2020.
International Organization for Migration, “Climate Change and Migration: Improving Methodologies to Estimate Flows” (2008).
International Organization for Migration, “Discussion Note: Migration and Environment”, MC/INF/288 (2007).
Stanczyk, Lucas, “How quickly should the world reduce its Greenhouse Gas Emissions?” [unpublished].
United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE), The Aarhus Convention: An Implementation Guide (2014).
Working paper on promoting rights-based climate finance for people and planet, Tessa Khan (2018), A/HRC/WG.2/19/CRP.4.
United Nations Human Rights – Office of the High Commissioner, “Bachelet welcomes top court’s landmark decision to protect human rights from climate change” (20 December 2019). Available on https://www.ohchr.org/en/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=25450&LangID=E.
Photo credits
Front page: Fire outside Sotra, Norway. Cropped image. Photo: Pål Bentdal.
Chapter 1: Cropped image. Photo: NVE/Stig Storheil. Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0
Chapter 2: Photo: Donvictorio/istock photo.
Chapter 3: Cropped image. Photo: NVE/Odd Are Jensen. Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0
Chapter 4: Photo: Robert Bye/Unsplash.
Chapter 5: Photo: Ollo/istock photo.
Chapter 6: Cropped image. Photo: UN Photo/Violaine Martin.
Chapter 7: Markus Spiske/Unsplash
Chapter 8:Photo: R_Tee/iStock photo.
Chapter 9: Photo: Urgenda.
Chapter 10: Cropped photo. Photo: TedNad/istock photo.