Reference list
Norwegian legal sources
Laws and regulations
Transparency Act: Act of 18 June 2021 no. 99 relating to enterprises’ transparency and work on fundamental human rights and decent working conditions.
Climate Change Act. Act of 16 June 2017 no. 60 on climate targets.
NIM Act: Act of 22 May 2015 no. 33 relating to the Norwegian National Human Rights Institution. (The Norwegian NHRI Act)
Nature Diversity Act: Act of 19 June 2009 no. 100 relating to the management of biological, geological and landscape diversity.
Constitution: The Constitution of the Kingdom of Norway of 17 May 1814.
Preparatory work for laws, public investigations and parliamentary documents
The Truth and Reconciliation Comission: Sannhet og forsoning – grunnlag for et oppgjør med fornorskingspolitikk og urett mot samer, kvener/norskfinner og skogfinner. (2023) Dok.nr.19 (2022-2023).
NOU 2023:23 Omstilling til lavutslipp — Veivalg for klimapolitikken mot 2050.
NOU 2023:3 Mer av alt – raskere.
NOU 2008:5 Retten til fiske i havet utenfor Finnmark.
NOU 2007:13 Den nye sameretten – Utredning fra Samerettsutvalget.
Meld. St. 26 (2022-2023) Klima i endring – sammen for et klimarobust samfunn.
Prop.150 L (2020-2021) Lov om virksomheters åpenhet og arbeid med grunnleggende menneskerettigheter og anstendige arbeidsforhold.
Prop.86 L (2020-2021) Endringer i sameloven.
Supreme Court decisions
HR-2021-1975-S
HR-2020-2472-P
HR-2018-456-P
HR-2017-2428-A
HR-2017-2247-A
Rt-2008-1764
International sources
Conventions and declarations
Directive (EU) 2021/1119 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 June 2021 establishing the framework for achieving climate neutrality and amending Regulations (EC) No 401/2009 and (EU) 2018/1999 (‘European Climate Law’).
The Paris Agreement of 12 December 2015.
The UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP) of 13 September 2007.
The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) of 9 May 1992.
The International Labour Organisation’s Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention No. 169 of 27 June 1989.
The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child of 20 November 1989.
The Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties of 23 May 1969.
The International Convention on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) of 16 December 1966.
Decisions of the UN Human Rights Committee
Daniel Billy et al. v. Australia (2022), CCPR/C/135/D/3624/2019.
Benito Oliveira et al. v. Paraguay (2021), CCPR/C/132/D/2552/2015.
Teitiota v. New Zealand (2020), CCPR/C/127/D/2728/2016.
Portillo Cáceres v. Paraguay (2019), CCPR/C/126/D/2751/2016.
Sanila-Aikio v Finland (2018), CCPR/C/124/D/2668/2015.
Klemetti Näkkäläjärvi et al. v Finland (2018), CCPR/C/124/D/2950/2017.
Poma Poma v. Peru (2009), CCPR/C/95/D/1457/2006.
Aapirana Mahuika et al. v. New Zealand (2000), CCPR/C/70/D/547/1993.
Diergaardt et al. v Namibia (2000), CCPR/C/69/D/760/1996.
Lubicon Lake Band v. Canada (1990), CCPR/C/38/D/167/1984.
Kitok v Sweden (1988), CCPR/C/33/D/197/1985.
Decisions of the European Court of Human Rights
European Court of Human Rights (ECHR): Guide to the case-law of the European Court of Human Rights – Environment. (2022)
Tătar c. Roumanie (67021/01), 27 January 2009.
Statements, reports and decisions from UN agencies
UN Committee on the Rights of the Child (CRC): General Comment nr. 11 on Indigenous children and their rights under the Convention. (2009), CRC/C/GC/11.
UN Committee on the Rights of the Child (CRC): General Comment nr. 26 on children’s rights and the environment, with a special focus on climate change. (2023), CRC/C/GC/26.
UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UNDESA): Challenges and Opportunities for Indigenous’ Peoples’ Sustainability. Policy Brief no. 101, Mirian Masaquiza Jerez (2021).
UN Environment Program (UNEP), Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI), Climate Analytics, E3G & International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISP): The Production Gap: Phasing down or phasing up? Top fossil fuel producers plan even more extraction despite climate promises. (2023).
UN Environment Program (UNEP): Emissions Gap Report: Broken Record – Temperatures hit new highs, yet world fails to cut emissions (again). (2023)
UN General Assembly, Human Rights Council: Right to a healthy environment: good practices. Report of the Special Rapporteur on the issue of human rights obligations relating to the enjoyment of a safe, clean, healthy and sustainable environment. (2019), A/HRC/43/53.
UN General Assembly: Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 29 March 2023. Request for an advisory opinion of the International Court of Justice on the obligations of States in respect of climate change. (2023), A/RES/77/276.
UN General Assembly: Resolution on the human right to a clean, healthy and sustainable environment. (2022), A/76/L.75.
UN Human Rights Committee (HRC): General Comment no. 12 on article 1 of the International Convention on Civil and Political Rights. (1984),
UN Human Rights Committee (HRC): General Comment no. 16 on article 17 of the International Convention on Civil and Political Rights. (1988)
UN Human Rights Committee (HRC): General Comment no. 23 on article 27 of the International Convention on Civil and Political Rights. (1994), CCPR/C/21/Rev.1/Add.5.
UN Human Rights Committee (HRC): General Comment no. 36 on article 6 of the International Convention on Civil and Political Rights. (2019)., CCPR/C/GC/36.
UN Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR): Report of the Special Rapporteur on the rights of indigenous peoples. (2017), A/HRC/36/46.
UN Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues (UNPFII): Report on the twenty-first session, 25 April–6 May 2022, (2022), E/2022/43-E/C.19/2022/11.
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC): Outcome of the First Global Stocktake. (2023), FCCC/PA/CMA/2023/L.17.
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC): Report of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement on its third session, held in Glasgow from 31 October to 13 November 2021. (2022), FCCC/PA/CMA/2021/10/Add.1.
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC): Sharm el-Sheikh Implementation Plan. (2022), FCCC/PA/CMA/2022/L.21.
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC): Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice: Technical Dialogue of the First Global Stocktake. 2023, FCCC/SB/2023/9
Decisions from other national courts
Commune de Grande Synthe, Conseil d’Etat: décision no. 427301. Decision delivered 19 November 2020. Available on: https://climatecasechart.com/non-us-case/commune-de-grande-synthe-v-france/.
Massachusetts v. EPA, 549 U.S. 497 (Supreme Court of the United States), Judgement delivered 2 April 2007. Available on: https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/549/497/.
Neubauer v. Germany, 1 BvR 2656/18 (the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany). Judgment delivered 24 March 2021. Available on: 1 BvR 2656/18.
Notre Affaire à Tous et al. v. France, no. 1904967, 1904968, 1904972, 1904976/4-1 (Administrative Court of Paris), Judgement delivered 3 February 2021. Available on: https://climatecasechart.com/non-us-case/notre-affaire-a-tous-and-others-v-france/.
Pabai Pabai v Commonwealth of Australia, VID622/2021. (Federal Court of Australia). Pending case. Information available on: https://fedcourt.gov.au/services/access-to-files-and-transcripts/online-files/pabai-v-australia.
Royal Dutch Shell, ECLI:N:RBDHA:2021:5339 (The Hague District Court), Judgement delivered 26 May 2021. Available on: https://www.foei.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Verdict-climate-case-milieudefensie-shell-26-may-2021.pdf.
Urgenda Foundation v. the Netherlands, ECLI:NL:HR:2019:2007 (the Supreme Court of the Netherlands). Judgement delivered 20 December 2019. Available on: https://uitspraken.rechtspraak.nl/inziendocument?id=ECLI:NL:HR:2019:2007.
VZW Klimaatzaak v. Belgium et al., 2021/AR/15gs, 2022/AR/737, 2022/AR/891, (Court of Appeal Brussels) Pending case. Information available: https://climatecasechart.com/non-us-case/vzw-klimaatzaak-v-kingdom-of-belgium-et-al/.
Waratah Coal Pty Ltd v Youth Verdict et al., MRA050-20 (MLA 70454), EPA051-20 (EPML 00571313), /Land Court of Queensland). Judgement delivered on 25 November 2022. Available on: https://www.queenslandjudgments.com.au/caselaw/qlc/2022/21.
Books
Horstkotte, T. et al., “Pastures under pressure. Effects of other land users and the environment” in Reindeer Husbandry and Global Environmental Change, Horstkotte, T. et al. (eds.) (Routledge, 2022).
Johnsen, Kathrine I. et al., “Leaving no one behind – sustainable development of Sámi reindeer husbandry in Norway” In Reindeer Husbandry: Adaptation and Resilience to a Changing Arctic, Svein D. Mathiesen et al. (eds.) (Springer Polar Sciences, 2022).
Marina Tonkopeeva et al., “Framing Adaptation to Rapid Change in the Arctic” In Reindeer Husbandry: Adaptation and Resilience to a Changing Arctic, Svein D. Mathiesen et al. (eds.) (Springer Polar Sciences, 2022).
Rooi, W.j et al., “Loss of Reindeer Grazing Land in Finnmark, Norway, and Effects on Biodiversity: GLOBIO3 as Decision Support Tool at Arctic Local Level” In Reindeer Husbandry: Adaptation and Resilience to a Changing Arctic, Svein D. Mathiesen et al. (eds.) (Springer Polar Sciences, 2022).
Sands, P., Peel, J., Fabra, A., & MacKenzie, R. Principles of International Environmental Law (4th ed.). (Cambridge University Press, 2018).
The Steering Committee for Human Rights (CDDH), Manual on Human Rights and the Environment, 3rd edition. (Council of Europe, 2022).
Articles
Bergquist, M., Nilsson, A., Harring, N. & Jagers, S. C. (2022). Meta-analyses of fifteen determinants of public opinion about climate change taxes and laws. Nature climate change, 12(3).
Boers, N. & Rypdal, M. (2021), “Critical slowing down suggests that the western Greenland Ice Sheet is close to a tipping point,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. Vol. 118, No. 21.
Callaghan, T.V. et al. (2011). «Multiple Effects of Changes in Arctic Snow Cover”. AMBIO Vol 40, p. 32-45.
Eilertsen, S.M. et al. (2022), “Fôring av reinsdyr – og fôringsrelaterte sykdommer”. NIBIO POP, Vol. 8, No. 4.
Eira, I.M.G. et al. (2013), “Traditional Sámi snow terminology and physical snow classification—two ways of knowing” Cold Regions Science and Technology. Vol 85.
Forbes, B.C. et al. (2016) «Sea ice, rain-on-snow and tundra reindeer nomadism in Arctic Russia”. Biology Letters Vol 12, Issue 11.
Forster, P.M. et al. (2023) “Indicators of Global Climate Change 2022: annual update of large-scale indicators of the state of the climate system and human influence”. Earth System Science Data. Vol. 15, Issue 6.
Garnett, S.T. et al. (2018) “A spatial overview of the global importance of indigenous lands for conservation”, Nature Sustainability. Vol 1, No. 7, p. 369-374.
Gisnås, K. et al. (2013), “CryoGRID 1.0: Permafrost Distribution in Norway estimated by a Spatial Numerical Model” Permafrost Periglacial Processes Vol 24, No. 1.
Gisnås, K. et al. (2016) “Permafrost Map for Norway, Sweden and Finland” Permafrost and Periglacial Processes Vol 28, Issue 2.
Godwin, S.C. et al. (2021) “Sea-louse abundance on salmon farms in relation to parasite-control policy and climate change” ICES Journal of Marine Science Vol 78, No. 1, p. 377-387.
Hansen, B.B. et al. (2013) “Climate Events Synchronize the Dynamics of a Resident Vertebrate Community in the High Arctic”. Science Vol 339, Issue 6117.
Hansen, K.L. et al. (2016). “Discrimination amongst Arctic Indigenous Sami and Non-Sami Populations in Norway: The SAMINOR 2 Questionnaire Study”. Journal of Northern studies Vol. 10, No 2.
Hasser, S. et al. (2004). “Fatal accidents and suicide among reindeer herding Sami in Sweden”. International Journal of Circumpolar Health 63.
Hein, C.L., Öhlund, G. & Englund, G. (2012) “Future Distribution of Arctic Char Salvelinus alpinus in Sweden under Climate Change: Effects of Temperature, Lake Size and Species Interactions”. AMBIO Vol 41, No. 3.
Hickman, C. et al. (2021). “Climate anxiety in children and young people and their beliefs about government responses to climate change: a global survey”. The Lancet. Vol 5, Issue 12.
Husson, B. et al. (2022), “Successive extreme climatic events lead to immediate, large-scale, and diverse responses from fish in the Arctic” Global Change Biology Vol 28, No. 11.
Islam, S.N & Winkel, J. (2017) “Climate Change and Social Inequality”. UN Department of Economic & Social Affairs (UNDESA). Working Paper No. 152.
Jaakkola, J.J.K., Juntunen, S. & Näkkäläjärvi, K. (2018) “The Holistic Effects of Climate Change on the Culture, Well-Being, and Health of the Saami, the Only Indigenous People in the European Union”. Current Environmental Health Reports 5.
Kessler, A., Goris, N. & Lauvset, S.K. (2022). “Observation-based Sea surface temperature trends in Atlantic large marine ecosystems” Progress in Oceanography. Vol 208.
Kvalø, K. et al. (2019) “Weight underestimation linked to anxiety and depression in a cross-sectional study of overweight individuals in a Sami and non-Sami Norwegian population: the SAMINOR Study”, BMJ Open 19.
Kvamsdal, S.F. et al. (2022). “Multidisciplinary perspectives on living marine resources in the Arctic”. Polar Research. Vol 41.
Lee, S.E. et al. (2000) “Regional effects of climate change on reindeer: a case study of the Muotkatunturi region in Finnish Lapland”. Polar Research. Vol 19, Issue 1, p. 99-105.
Lennox, R.J. et al. (2023) “Prospects for the future of pink salmon in three oceans: From the native Pacific to the novel Arctic and Atlantic” Fish and Fisheries Vol 24, No. 5, p. 759-776.
Liu, Z., Deng, Z., Davis, S & Ciais, P. (2023) “Monitoring global carbon emissions in 2022”. Nature Reviews Earth & Environment 4.
Löf, A. (2013). “Examining limits and barriers to climate change adaptation in an Indigenous reindeer herding community”. Climate and Development, Vol 5, No. 4, p. 328-339.
Ma, Y. et al. (2019), “Potential for Hydroclimatically Driven Shifts in Infectious Disease Outbreaks: The Case of Tularemia in High-Latitude Regions” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health Vol 16, No. 19.
Mallory, C.D., & Boyce, M.S. (2018). “Observed and predicted effects of climate change on Arctic caribou and reindeer.” Environmental Reviews 26.
McCrystall, M.R. et al. (2021) “New climate models reveal faster and larger increases in Arctic precipitation than previously projected.” Nature Communications. Vol 12.
McKay, D.I.A. et. al (2022). “Exceeding 1.5°C global warming could trigger multiple climate tipping points”. Science. Vol 377, Issue 6611.
Middelton, J. et al. (2020). “Indigenous mental health in a changing climate: a systematic scoping review of the global literature”. Environmental Research Letters. Vol 15, No 5.
Mienna, C.S. & Axelsson, P. (2019) “Somatic health in the Indigenous Sami population – a systematic review”, International Journal of Circumpolar Health, Vol 78, No. 1
Miner, K.R. et al. (2021), “Emergent biogeochemical risks from Arctic permafrost degradation” Nature Climate Change Vol 11, p. 808-819.
Moen J. (2008) “Climate change: effects on the ecological basis for reindeer husbandry in Sweden.” Ambio, Vol 37, No. 4.
Mooney, P.A. & Li, L. (2021) “Near future changes to rain-on-snow events in Norway”. Environmental Research Letters. Vol 16.
Naseribafrouei, A. et al. (2019) “Estimated 8-year cumulative incidence of diabetes mellitus among Sami and non-Sami inhabitants of Northern Norway – The SAMINOR Study”. BMC Endocr Discord Vol 24, Issue 19.
Niittynen, P. & Luoto, M. (2018), “The importance of snow in species distribution models of arctic vegetation”. Ecography, Vol 41.
Niittynen, P., Heikkinen, R.K. & Luoto, M. (2018), «Snow cover is a neglected driver of Arctic biodiversity loss». Nature Climate Change. Vol 8.
Nilsen, I.R. et al. (2021), “Projected changes in days with zero-crossings for Norway” International Journal of Climatology, Vol 41, No. 4.
Nordlander, L. (2022), “Litigating climate change in the Arctic: the potential of Sámi human rights claims”. Journal of Human Rights and the Environment, Vol. 13 No. 2, p. 416-440.
Petzold, J. et al. (2020) ”Indigenous knowledge on climate change adaptation: a global evidence map of academic literature”. Environmental Research Letters, Vol. 15.
Putkonen, J., & Roe, G. (2003). “Rain-on-snow events impact soil temperatures and affect ungulate survival.” Geophysical Research Letters. Vol 30, No. 4.
Rajamani, L. et al. (2021) “National ‘fair shares’ in reducing greenhouse gas emissions within the principled framework of international environmental law”, Climate Policy. Vol 21, Issue 8, p. 983-1004.
Rantanen, M., Karpechko, A.Y., Lipponen, A. et al. (2022) “The Arctic has warmed nearly four times faster than the globe since 1979.” Communications Earth & Environment Vol 3, Issue 168.
Rixen, C. et al. (2022), “Winters are changing: snow effects on Arctic and alpine tundra ecosystems” Arctic Science, Vol 8, No. 3, p. 572-608.
Romanello, M. et al. (2022). “The 2022 report of the Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: health at the mercy of fossil fuels”. The Lancet. Vol. 400, Issue 10363, p. 1619-1654.
Sandø A.B. et al. (2020) “Climate Change and New Potential Spawning Sites for Northeast Arctic cod.” Frontiers in Marine Science. Vol 7, Issue 28.
Sandvik, A.D. et al. (2021) “The effect of a warmer climate on the salmon lice infection pressure from Norwegian aquaculture” ICES Journal of Marine Science Vol 78, No. 5, p. 1849-1859.
Sawatzky, A. et al. (2020), ““The best scientists are the people that’s out there”: Inuit-led integrated environment and health monitoring to respond to climate change in the Circumpolar North”. Climatic Change, Vol. 160.
Schlingmann, A. et al. (2021), “Global patterns of adaptation to climate change by Indigenous Peoples and local communities. A systematic review.” Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, Vol. 51.
Selroos J. et al. (2019) “Permafrost Thaw with Thermokarst Wetland-Lake and Societal-Health Risks: Dependence on Local Soil Conditions under Large-Scale Warming” Water. Vol 11, No. 3.
Smalås, A. et al. (2023). “Increased importance of cool-water fish at high latitudes emerges from individual-level responses to warming”. Ecology and Evolution. Vol 13, Issue 6.
Stafford, K.M. et al. (2022). “Northward range expansion of subarctic upper trophic level animals into the Pacific Arctic region”. Oceanography Vol 35, No 2, p. 158-166.
Steffen, W. et al. (2018) “Trajectories of the Earth System in the Anthropocene”. PNAS. Vol. 115, No. 33.
Stoessel, M., Moen, J. & Lindborg, R. (2022), “Mapping cumulative pressures on the grazing lands of northern Fennoscandia”, Scientific Report Vol. 12, No. 16044.
Sundby, S. & Nakken, O. (2008) “Spatial shifts in spawning habitats of Arcto-Norwegian cod related to multidecadal climate oscillations and climate change” ICES Journal of Marine Science Vol 65, Issue 6, p. 953-962.
Svenning, M. et al. (2022). “Temporal changes in the relative abundance of anadromous Arctic charr, brown trout, and Atlantic salmon in northern Europe: Do they reflect changing climates?” Freshwater Biology. Vol 67, Issue. 1, p. 64-77.
Tryland, M. et al. (2019). «Infectious Disease Outbreak Associated With Supplementary Feeding of Semi-domesticated Reindeer», Frontiers in Veterinary Science, Vol 6.
Turunen, M. et al. (2009), “Does climate change influence the availability and quality of reindeer forage plants?” Polar Biology, Vol 32, No. 6, p. 813-832.
Tyler, N.J.C. et al. (2021). “The Shrinking Resource Base of Pastoralism: Saami Reindeer Husbandry in a Climate Change”. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems 4.
Uboni, A., Åhman, B. & Moen, J. (2020). «Can management buffer pasture loss and fragmentation for Sami reindeer herding in Sweden?” Pastoralism: Research, Policy and Practice. Vol 10, No 23.
Voigt, C. (2021), «The Climate Judgment of the Norwegian Supreme Court: Aligning the Law with Politics», Journal of Environmental Law, Vol. 33, Issue 3.
Wibye, J.V. (2022) “Beyond Acts and Omissions — Distinguishing Positive and Negative Duties at the European Court of Human Rights”. Human Rights Review. Vol 23, No. 4, p. 479-502.
Willox, A. et al. (2014). “Examining relationships between climate change and mental health in the Circumpolar North”. Reg Environ Change. Vol 15, p. 169-182.
Wu, E. et al. (2022), “Permafrost as a potential pathogen reservoir” One Earth Vol 5, No. 4.
Wunderling, N. et al. (2023) “Global warming overshoots increase risks of climate tipping cascades in a network model.” Nature Climate Change 13, p. 75-82.
Reports
Amnesty International Norge: Negative holdninger og stereotypier om samer på Facebook. (2023)
Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP): Adaptation Actions for a Changing Arctic: Perspectives from the Barents Area. (2017).
Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP): AMAP Arctic Climate Change Update 2021: Key Trends and Impacts. (2021).
Artic Council, Stockholm Environment Institute & Stockholm Resilience Centre: Resilience Interim Report 2013. (2013).
Bartlett, J. et al. Carbon storage in Norwegian ecosystems. Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), Rapport 1774b. (2020).
Bongo, A.K.S, Stenfjell, J.M. & Logstein, B. Helse, miljø og sikkerhet i reindrift. Funn fra kartlegging blant reindriftsutøvere. Institutt for rural- og regionalforskning (RURALIS), Rapport nr. 11/2022. (2022).
DNV: Energy Transition Outlook 2023. A global and regional forecast to 2050. (2023).
EFTA Surveillance Authority (ESA): Climate Progress Report 2023. (2023).
European Network of National Human Rights Institutions (ENNHRI): Climate Change and Human Rights in the European Context. (2021).
Future Earth, The Earth League, (WCRP): 10 New Insights in Climate Science 2023/2024. (2023).
Hansen, I. et al. Kartlegging av forskning på reindriftsområdet – kunnskapsgrunnlag og forskningsbehov. Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), Rapport nr. 7/187/2021. (2021).
Hanssen-Bauer, I. et al., Klima i Norge 2100. Kunnskapsgrunnlag for klimatilpasning oppdatert i 2015. The Norwegian Centre for Climate Services (NCCS), Rapport nr. 2/2015. (2015).
Horstkotte, T. et al. at the Umeå University: Supplementary feeding in reindeer husbandry: Results from a workshop with reindeer herders and researchers from Norway, Sweden and Finland. (2020).
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPPC): Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. (2022).
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPPC): Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. (2021)
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPPC): Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. (2022)
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPPC): Global Warming of 1.5°C. An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty. (2018)
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPPC): Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate. (2022).
International Energy Agency (IEA): Net Zero by 2050. A Roadmap for the Global Energy Sector. (2021)
International Energy Agency (IEA): The role of critical minerals in clean energy transitions (2021).
International Energy Agency (IEA): World Energy Investment 2023. (2023)
International Energy Agency (IEA): World Energy Outlook 2022. (2022).
International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD): Navigation Energy Transitions. Mapping the road to 1.5°C. (2022)
Jakobsen, S.B, et al., Forslag til nasjonal ramme for vindkraft. Oslo: The Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Directorate (NVE), NR 12-2019. (2019).
Jørgensen, G.H.M. et al. Helse, miljø og sikkerhet i reindriften – en case studie. Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), Rapport nr. 5/46/2019. (2019).
Kristiansen, T. et al. Klimapåvirkning på viktige kystvannsarter. The Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Rapport L.NR. 7773-2022. (2022).
Landbruksdirektoratet: For styrket beredskap i reindriften. Rapport fra arbeidsgruppe. (2022). Rapport nr. 43/2022.
Norwegian National Human Rights Institution (NIM) & National contact point for responsible business conduct Norway: Næringslivets ansvar for negative konsekvenser for grunnleggende menneskerettigheter – eksempler. (2023).
Norwegian National Human Rights Institution (NIM): Climate and Human Rights. (2021).
Norwegian National Human Rights Institution (NIM): Holdninger til samer og nasjonale minoriteter i Norge. (2022)
Norwegian National Human Rights Institution (NIM): Human Rights Protection against Interference in Traditional Sámi Areas. (2022)
Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment (VKM): Assessment of the risk to Norwegian biodiversity and aquaculture from pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha). VKM Report 2020:01 (2020).
OECD: OECD Due Diligence Guidance for Meaningful Stakeholder Engagement in the Extractive Sector. (2017).
OECD: OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises on Responsible Business Conduct. (2023).
Ottersen, G. et al. Observed and expected future impacts of climate change on marine environment and ecosystems in the Nordic region. Nordiske klimaScenarioer (NorScen)/The Institute of Marine Research (IMR), Rapport nr. 10/23. (2023).
Riseth, J.Å. & Tømmervik, H. Klimautfordringer og arealforvaltning for reindrifta i Norge. Kunnskapsstatus og forslag til tiltak – Eksempler fra Troms. Northern Research Institute (NORUT), Rapport nr. 6/2017. (2017).
SWECO: Syntesrapport. En sammanställning av fyra samebyars pilotprosjekt med klimat- och sårbarhetsanalys samt handlingsplan för klimatanpassing. (2019).
The Institute of Marine Research (IMR): Risikoanalyse for de norske havområdene om direkte og indirekte virkninger av klimaendringer på marine økosystemer under ulike utslippsscenarier. (2022).
The Norwegian Petroleum Directorate (NPD): Resource report 2022. (2022).
The Saami Council & The Sámi Parliament: Climate Change in Sápmi – an overview and a Path Forward. Report 2023. (2023).
Thema Consulting Group: Elektrifisering av olje- og gassektoren – har det global klimaeffekt?. (2022). Rapport nr. 2022-23.
World Health Organization (WHO): COP26 special report on climate change and health: the health argument for climate action. (2021).
Websites
The Norwegian Government: «Tiltakspakke for reindrift og energi», https://www.regjeringen.no/no/aktuelt/tiltakspakke-for-reindrift-og-energi/id3019596/.
International Energy Agency (IEA): «Climate Change”, https://www.iea.org/topics/climate-change.
Stainforth, T. & Brzezinski, B., Institute for European Environmental Policy: “More than half of all CO2 emissions since 1751 emitted in the last 30 years”, https://ieep.eu/news/more-than-half-of-all-co2-emissions-since-1751-emitted-in-the-last-30-years/.
Norwegian Environment Agency: «Veileder: Produksjon og distrubusjon av fornybar energi.». https://www.miljodirektoratet.no/ansvarsomrader/klima/for-myndigheter/kutte-utslipp-av-klimagasser/klima-og-energitiltak/fornybar-energi/produksjon-og-distribusjon-av-fornybar-energi/.
State of the Environment Norway: “Norske utslipp og opptak av klimagasser”. https://miljostatus.miljodirektoratet.no/tema/klima/norske-utslipp-av-klimagasser/.
The Norwegian Government: «Press release NOU 2023: 25 The transition to low emissions – climate policy choices towards 2050». https://files.nettsteder.regjeringen.no/wpuploads01/sites/479/2023/10/Pressemelding_engelsk.pdf.
The Norwegian Government: “Hurdalsplattformen. For en regjering utgått fra Arbeiderpartiet og Senterpartiet 2021-2025”. https://www.regjeringen.no/contentassets/cb0adb6c6fee428caa81bd5b339501b0/no/pdfs/hurdalsplattformen.pdf.
The Norwegian Offshore Directorate (NPD): “Sokkelåret”. https://www.sodir.no/aktuelt/publikasjoner/rapporter/sokkelaret/sokkelaret-2022/.
Adomaitis, N. for Reuters: “Norway’s oil production seen rising 5% in 2024”. https://www.nasdaq.com/articles/norways-oil-production-seen-rising-5-in-2024-0.
Tilnull.no: “Hvor mye av energibruken er fornybar?”. https://www.tilnull.no/energibruk.
Statistics Norway: “Betydelig nedgang i strømforbruket». https://www.ssb.no/energi-og-industri/energi/statistikk/elektrisitet/artikler/betydelig-nedgang-i-stromforbruket-i-2022.
The Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Directorate (NVE): “Høringssvar fra NVE – NOU 2023:3 Mer av alt – Raskere – Olje- og energidepartementet”. https://www.regjeringen.no/no/dokumenter/offentlig-horing-av-nou-2023-3-mer-av-alt-raskere/id2961483/Download/?vedleggId=824f7e40-aba8-45b3-a454-0ca629768130.
Faktisk.no: «Åtte spørsmål og svar om elektrifisering av sokkelen». https://www.faktisk.no/artikler/z5xev/atte-sporsmal-og-svar-om-elektrifisering-av-sokkelen.
Johnsen, K.I. et al. for Forskersonen.no: «Reindriften må tilpasse seg klimaendringer, men det er vanskelig med dagens forvaltning». https://www.forskersonen.no/klimatilpasning-kronikk-meninger/reindriften-ma-tilpasse-seg-klimaendringer-men-det-er-vanskelig-med-dagens-forvaltning/2140145.
The European Space Agency: “Permafrost thaw could release bacteria and viruses”. https://www.esa.int/Applications/Observing_the_Earth/Permafrost_thaw_could_release_bacteria_and_viruses.
The Guardian: “Anthrax outbreak triggered by climate change kills boy in Arctic Circle”. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/aug/01/anthrax-outbreak-climate-change-arctic-circle-russia.
Norwegian Meteorological Institute, Cryo: “Permafrost real-time monitoring”. https://cryo.met.no/en/permafrost.
Tjoflot, G.N. for titan.ui.no: «Permafrost in the Arctic can thaw faster than presumed». https://www.titan.uio.no/english/2020/permafrost-arctic-can-thaw-faster-presumed.html.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPPC): “IPCC FACTSHEET. How does the IPCC approve reports?”. https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2021/07/AR6_FS_approve.pdf.
Norwegian National Human Rights Institution (NIM): “Utredning om Grunnloven § 112 og plan for utbygging og drift av petroleumsforekomster”. https://www.nhri.no/2022/utredning-om-grunnloven-%c2%a7-112-og-plan-for-utbygging-og-drift-av-petroleumsforekomster/.
Statistics Norway: «Utbygging får konsekvenser for reinbeiteområder.» https://www.ssb.no/natur-og-miljo/artikler-og-publikasjoner/utbygging-far-konsekvenser-for-reinbeiteomrader.
The Consumer Authority (CA): «Klima, miljø og menneskerettigheter». https://www.forbrukertilsynet.no/vi-jobber-med/apenhetsloven/klima-miljo-og-menneskerettigheter.
The European Council: “Corporate sustainability due diligence: Council and Parliament strike deal to protect environment and human rights”. https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2023/12/14/corporate-sustainability-due-diligence-council-and-parliament-strike-deal-to-protect-environment-and-human-rights/.